Cardiac catheterization is a procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. The procedure begins by inserting a catheter tube through a blood vessel in one of three regions—the arm, groin, or neck—and threading the tube through the heart. Live x-rays are used as a guide as the...
Sinus endoscopy, also referred to as endoscopic sinus surgery or sinoscopy, is used to remove blockages, swelling, and other conditions that hinder the patient’s ability to breathe freely.
Pediatric endocrinology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that manages diseases related to hormonal regulation during infancy, childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.
Breast ultrasound, also called breast sonography, is a noninvasive procedure that uses reflected sound waves to view and produce a picture of the breast’s internal structures. A handheld device called a transducer is passed over the breast, converting sound waves into electrical impulses....
Transplant hepatology is the study of liver diseases and liver transplantation. Transplant hepatologists manage patients before and after transplantation and work in conjunction with transplant surgeons. They have specialized training in the management of patients with end-stage liver disease,...
The subspecialty of hospice and palliative medicine (HPM) is the medical component of the broad therapeutic model known as palliative care. These subspecialists reduce the burden of life-threatening conditions by supporting the best quality of life throughout the course of an illness and by...
Pediatric anesthesiology is an American Board of Medical Specialties–recognized subspecialty of anesthesiology that is concerned with providing anesthesia care for neonates, infants, children, and adolescents undergoing a wide variety of surgical, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures. The...
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) is a subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN). Reproductive endocrinologists are OB/GYNs who are capable of managing complex problems relating to REI, according to the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ABOG). These physicians...
Bone marrow is the soft, sponge-like material found inside bones that contains immature cells known as hematopoietic or blood-forming stem cells, according to the National Cancer Institute. Bone marrow transplantation is done to restore stem cells that have been destroyed with high doses of...
Oculofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery (OPRS) is a very specialized form of ophthalmology that focuses on the face, eyelids, brow, orbital bones, tear duct system, and nose. During a two-year fellowship, surgeons are trained in aesthetic and reconstructive facial surgery.
